1 6 The system is based on PostgreSQL 15 and supports spatial objects, spatial indexing, and advanced geoprocessing. The database is designed for interoperability and can be accessed via SQL clients and GIS software (e.g., QGIS), thereby facilitating analytical and modelling workflows. The core data model comprises two main entities: sites and ramps, linked by a one-tomany relationship. The sites table contains general descriptors of mining and post-mining locations, including country, operational status, and selected infrastructure indicators. Each site is georeferenced, enabling spatial filtering and comparative mapping. The ramps table stores detailed geometric and geotechnical parameters required for GES feasibility assessment. These include ramp length, width, elevation difference, inclination, as well as unit weight, cohesion, friction angle, Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio, etc. These parameters provide the basis for slope stability analysis and for preliminary estimation of energy storage capacity. At the same time, the database structure allows integration of additional thematic layers and numerical models for advanced assessments. By consolidating spatial and engineering data, the GES database enables technical comparison and ranking of candidate locations. It provides a robust analytical foundation for identifying high-potential post-mining sites suitable for deploying gravitational energy storage to support Europe’s energy transition. 2.4 RM-GES technology concept description Rail-Mounted Gravity Energy Storage (RM-GES) is a mechanical energy storage technology that converts electrical energy into gravitational potential energy by controlling the vertical or inclined movement of solid masses. The RM-GES system consists of heavy storage masses mounted on rail transporters that operate along an inclined track or a network of tracks connecting a lower and an upper station. During charging, surplus electricity from the grid or renewable sources powers an electromechanical system that moves the masses uphill along the rails. Electrical energy is thus converted into gravitational potential energy stored in the elevated masses. During the discharging phase, the same drive system operates in regenerative mode: the controlled descent of the masses drives an electric generator, converting gravitational potential energy back into electricity and feeding it into the power system. A key feature of the RM-GES concept is the use of commercially available electromechanical components, such as motors, generators, power electronics, and railway or conveyor subsystems, adapted for bidirectional operation. This approach enhances system reliability and reduces technological risk. The modular architecture of RM-GES allows flexible scaling of both power and energy capacities by adjusting the number of storage masses, track length, elevation difference, and operating cycles. The visualisation of the RM-GES technology is shown in Figure 1.
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