1 7 Figure 1 – RM-GES technology concept The technology is characterised by high expected round-trip efficiency (typically 75– 85%), rapid response times of a few seconds, and negligible performance degradation over time, as no electrochemical processes are involved. RM-GES systems can be designed for power ratings ranging from several megawatts to over one hundred megawatts per site, while occupying relatively small surface areas compared to other large-scale storage technologies. By utilising solid materials—potentially including locally available post-mining materials—the RM-GES concept minimises dependence on critical raw materials and avoids environmental risks associated with chemical storage systems 2.4 CB-GES technology concept description The conveyor belt-based gravity energy storage system (CB-GES) stores energy by moving a weight from a lower to an upper elevation. As shown in Figure 2, the system stores energy as gravitational potential by using excess renewable electricity to power a reversible conveyor belt that transports material uphill to an upper stockpile (charging mode). When power is needed, the process reverses: the descending material drives the motor-generator, feeding electricity back into the grid (discharging mode).
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