thresholds. This structured alignment enabled clearly defined implementation stages, validation criteria, and escalation controls governed by measurable operational and safety parameters.(Ramos et al., 2023) Figure 29. Automation Levels in Surface Mining Equipment (adapted From SAE J3016) 2.3. Progressive Transition Model The progressive transition model constitutes the core of the methodology. This model defines a sequence of operational stages that allow system performance, operational safety, and human–machine interaction to be validated under controlled conditions. Each stage includes specific objectives, validation criteria, and feedback mechanisms. Progression between stages is not driven solely by technological readiness, but by demonstrated evidence of operational stability, operator competency, and system reliability. In this way, the model functions as a control mechanism that reduces the likelihood of critical failures during the adoption of new operating modes. Figure 30. Progressive Autonomy Implementation Roadmap 2.4. Technical Architecture and Hardware as a Safety Layer A key element of the methodology is the conception of technical architecture and hardware not only as enablers of tele-operation, but as additional safety layers within the operational system. The architecture was designed to reinforce the physical separation between the operator and the equipment, while ensuring safe, reliable, and predictable control of the drilling process. From this perspective, the technical architecture fulfills critical safety functions, including: • Isolation of the operator from physical hazard sources, • Reliable transmission of operational and visual information, • Clearly defined local and remote-control boundaries, • Fail-safe response capabilities under abnormal or faulty conditions. The architectural design follows safety-by-design principles, prioritizing human supervision, intervention capability, and controlled system states. As a result, hardware and
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