validated in surface mining operations in Peru. The methodological approach recognizes that successful adoption of these technologies depends not only on technical availability, but on the coherent integration of autonomy frameworks, safe technical architecture, operational readiness, and organizational change management. The proposed methodology was designed to enable a controlled transition from conventional cabin-based operation to remote operation and supervised autonomy, while always maintaining human supervision and prioritizing risk reduction and operational stability. 2.1. General Methodological Framework The methodological framework is based on a progressive transition model that enables the gradual decoupling of the operator’s physical presence from the drilling environment. This framework was designed around the coordinated evolution of three critical dimensions: • System autonomy level, • Operational process maturity, • Workforce readiness and adaptation. Each stage of the model is validated before progressing to the next, ensuring that technical, operational, and human-related risks are identified and managed in a timely manner. This approach prevents abrupt implementations and allows lessons learned to be consolidated at each phase of the transition. Figure 28. Structured Transition from Conventional Operation to Remote Autonomous Drilling 2.2. Reference Framework for Autonomy Levels The methodology aligns with internationally recognized autonomy frameworks in which autonomy is understood as a spectrum of functional capabilities rather than a binary condition (Mining Guidelines Group, n.d.).Within this perspective, tele-operation and autonomy are structured into progressive levels that combine human supervision with automated execution. The implementation stages were associated with distinct functional autonomy levels: • Manual operation, where the operator directly controls the equipment from the cabin. • Tele-operation, where the equipment is remotely controlled while decision authority remains with the operator. • Supervised autonomy, where predefined drilling cycles are executed automatically under human supervision with intervention capability on demand. • Advanced remote operation, where supervision is performed from remote locations without direct line of sight. In the context of rotary blasthole drilling, these levels were interpreted in terms of operational responsibility distribution, supervision requirements, and intervention
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