frameworks can both perform. When they are implicit or forgotten, gaps open in the information chain, and the burden of interpretation falls on the frontline, precisely where certainty is most needed to manage potentially fatal risks. By using the decision-point questions provided here, organisations can recover the “why” behind their systems, reconcile differences that matter, and restore the flow of credible control information from governance to the point of work. ADDITIONAL RECOMMENDED READINGS Selected articles relevant to learning systems, supervisor capability, and critical control management: Macmahon, S., Corbett, B., Hassall, M., Humphries, L., Carroll, A., & Deboer, R. (2025). “Passion, style, and smarts”: Industry perspectives on supervisor competencies in the mining industry. Journal of Workplace Learning, 37(9), 132–151. https://doi.org/10.1108/JWL-03-2025-0052 Hassall, M., & Lant, P. (2023). Fundamentals of risk management for process industry engineers. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2019-0-01193-4 REFERENCES Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand. (2018). Occupational health and safety management systems—Requirements with guidance for use (AS/NZS ISO 45001:2018). https://www.standards.govt.nz/shop/asnzs-iso-450012018 International Council on Mining and Metals. (2015). Health and safety critical control management: Good practice guide. https://www.icmm.com/en-gb/guidance/health-safety/2015/ccm-good-practice-guide NSW Department of Trade and Investment, Regional Infrastructure and Services. (2015). NSW code of practice: Safety management systems in mines. https://www.resources.nsw.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/nsw-code-of-practice-safetymanagment-systems-in-mines.pdf Hassall, M., Joy, J., Doran, C., & Punch, M. (2023). Selection and optimisation of risk controls (ACARP Project No. C23007). Australian Coal Association Research Program. https://www.acarp.com.au/abstracts.aspx?repId=C23007 21
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