1. INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE The acceleration of the energy transition and the electrification of the global economy have reshaped the strategic role of mining (IEA, 2024). Various international organizations have warned that demand for minerals associated with clean technologies—such as copper, lithium, nickel, cobalt, graphite, and rare earths—will grow steadily in the coming decades, putting pressure on supply chains and producing countries (IEA, 2021). At the same time, environmental, social, and governance (ESG) requirements are intensifying, as is the need to innovate in order to reduce emissions, optimize water and energy use, increase circularity, and properly manage mining environmental liabilities (OECD, 2019). In this scenario, mining research centers perform functions that go beyond the mere generation of technical knowledge. They act as platforms for coordination between the state, academia, and industry; as hubs for technology transfer; and as spaces for scientific legitimization in the eyes of society (OECD, 2003). The literature on research governance and public research organizations emphasizes that institutional arrangements—mandates, funding, incentives, and accountability mechanisms—determine the ability to sustain long-term research agendas and protect scientific integrity (Mazzucato, 2018). Despite its global mining importance, Peru lacks a comprehensive framework that coherently articulates mining policy with scientific research and innovation. Applicable sectoral and cross-cutting regulations exist, but they operate in a scattered manner, making it difficult to consolidate mining research centers with academic autonomy, financial sustainability, and clear rules for technology transfer (Congreso de la República del Perú, 2025). This shortcoming becomes particularly critical in light of the critical minerals agenda and the commitments made under the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), specifically SDG 9 (Industry, innovation, and infrastructure), SDG 12 (Responsible consumption and production), SDG 13 (Climate action), and SDG 17 (Partnerships for the Goals) (United Nations, 2015). This article addresses this problem by integrating the approaches of green transition, critical minerals, and SDGs in a cross-cutting manner. Its objective is to propose applicable regulatory guidelines for Peru, based on national regulatory analysis and comparative experience. 2. STATE OF THE ART: MINING KNOWLEDGE GOVERNANCE AND INNOVATION 2.1 Knowledge governance in economies based on the exploitation of natural resources Knowledge governance refers to the set of institutional arrangements, legal norms, and policy instruments that regulate the production, circulation, and use of knowledge in society (OECD, 2011). In resource-based economies, the governance of scientific and technological knowledge is particularly complex, as it involves balancing economic competitiveness, environmental protection, and social legitimacy (Calzada Olvera, 2022). 45
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