fundamental pillar of sustainable development. In this sense, mining research centers can be understood as critical institutional infrastructure for the innovation system, whose academic autonomy and financial independence are basic conditions for the development of technologies that improve operational efficiency, reduce negative environmental impacts, and strengthen the sector's competitiveness. - SDG 12 (responsible consumption and production): This generates a qualitative approach to innovation, as it guides research towards efficiency in the use of resources (non-renewable in this case: minerals), waste reduction, and the circular economy. For regulatory purposes, this implies establishing guidelines for technology transfer that prioritize the dissemination of environmental innovations and avoid contractual barriers that limit their public impact. - SDG 13 (climate action): Strengthen the strategic role of mining research as a tool for climate policy. Such is the case with the decarbonization of mining processes and the provision of critical minerals, aspects that depend not only on mining operations and reserves themselves, but especially on scientific and technological capabilities that can only be strengthened through research centers with long-term agendas that are well aligned with the country's mining and energy policy. - SDG 17 (Partnerships for the goals): This goal provides a regulatory framework for achieving partnerships and collaboration with the state, academia, and mining companies. This is relevant as long as partnerships are forged based on clear rules, transparency, and safeguards for academic autonomy, avoiding conflicts of interest and strengthening the social legitimacy of innovation. The consideration of the SDGs in this research serves as a criterion that allows for better structuring of mining knowledge governance, thus enabling proposals to be aligned with the science, technology, and innovation regime, in clear accordance with mining policy, the green transition, and the sustainable management of critical minerals. 3. METODOLOGY The research adopts a qualitative, legal-institutional, and comparative approach, focused on analyzing knowledge governance in the mining sector in the context of the green transition and the growing demand for critical minerals. First, a systematic regulatory analysis is carried out of the Peruvian legal framework applicable to science, technology, and innovation (STI), mining policy, academic autonomy, and technology transfer. This analysis focuses exclusively on those provisions that directly or indirectly affect the creation, operation, and sustainability of mining research centers, identifying principles, institutional competencies, incentives, restrictions, and regulatory gaps. Secondly, a comparative analysis of international models of mining research governance is developed, selecting Chile and Australia as case studies, two jurisdictions with advanced mining economies and consolidated institutional frameworks in the areas of innovation, critical minerals, and energy transition. The analysis focuses on the institutional architecture of mining research centers, their financing schemes, their degree of academic autonomy, and their mechanisms for coordination with the state and industry. 47
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