Finally, the research adopts a public policy perspective, aimed at formulating regulatory guidelines for Peru. Based on the normative and comparative findings, criteria are proposed to strengthen the governance of mining knowledge, aligning it with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the green transition, and the strategic requirements associated with critical minerals (United Nations, 2015). 4. PERUVIAN REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR MINING RESEARCH AND INNOVATION 4.1 Mining policy and institutional governance The Peruvian mining regulatory framework recognizes the State's leading role in defining and supervising mining policy. The Regulations on the Organization and Functions of the Ministry of Energy and Mines (MINEM) establish exclusive powers in the design, management, and supervision of national mining policies, as well as in the promotion of sustainability in the sector. However, this framework does not specifically develop the strategic role of scientific research and mining innovation as pillars of national mining policy (Congreso de la República del Perú, 2023). Research appears fragmented among various entities—MINEM, INGEMMET, universities, centers attached to other sectors—without a clear knowledge governance framework that links science, innovation, and mining policy in the context of the green transition. This fragmentation limits the state's ability to integrate mining research into a national strategy for critical minerals, which is particularly relevant considering Peru's role as a producer of copper and other minerals essential for global decarbonization. 4.2 Science, Technology, Innovation, and Mining System The Consolidated Text of the Framework Law on Science, Technology, and Technological Innovation declares the development, promotion, and transfer of STI to be of national interest, recognizing fundamental principles such as freedom of research, contribution to the common good, and inter-institutional coordination. From the perspective of knowledge governance, this regulatory framework provides a solid basis for mining research; however, it does not incorporate differentiated treatment for mining research centers, despite their strategic nature in terms of environmental sustainability, energy transition, and responsible use of natural resources. The recent amendment to Law 30309, which expands and strengthens tax incentives for R&D&I projects, is a significant step forward in encouraging private sector participation in scientific research. However, the logic of tax incentives does not replace the need for an institutional framework that guarantees academic autonomy, financial stability, and long-term strategic orientation for mining research centers (OECD, 2011). 48
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