Technological Innovation (Law No. 30309 or the corresponding law). - Formal and comprehensive articulation of provisions for STI research and national mining policy on critical minerals, energy transition, and climate change adaptation: Explicit integration of mining research into national critical minerals policy, aligning it with the country's energy transition and climate commitments. This requires better coordination, at the legal level, of the regulatory frameworks that promote STI research, energy transition, critical minerals management, and climate change adaptation, i.e., to date, Law 30309 (STI), Law 30754 (Climate Change), and Law 28832 (energy matrix diversification). In this regard, to date, there is no regulatory framework in our country for the exploration, identification, and use of critical minerals. However, looking ahead, such a regulatory framework is necessary and could be adapted to the provisions for scientific, technological, and innovation research (CTI). - Functional recognition of academic autonomy: Design of mixed and transparent financing schemes for individuals (natural or legal) who promote the creation of CTI Centers for mining, to reduce exclusive dependence on the private sector and ensure institutional stability. This does not mean a lack of oversight or verification of these research centers, but rather the regulation or establishment of regulatory safeguards that recognize the scientific independence of mining research centers from any interests that are not aligned with the academic objectives of those centers. - Clear regulation of intellectual property and technology transfer, incorporating criteria of public interest, sustainability, and social benefit: To this end, without the need to amend current legislation, it is possible to develop specific guidelines for intellectual property and technology transfer for mining research projects submitted in accordance with Law 30309 (law promoting scientific research, technological development, and innovation), or the current regulations that replace it, to establish specific criteria on the following aspects, always taking into account the type and mechanism of financing and the public interest that may be involved in the research and its results: o Ownership and co-ownership of research results. o Licenses and use of developed technologies. o Management of technical and environmental data. - Inter-institutional strengthening and orientation towards green transition and SDGs: Strengthening inter-institutional coordination between MINEM, the CTI system, private companies, universities, and regional governments, all with a view to prioritizing, within the rating of mining projects for research, development, and innovation (R&D&I), projects related to issues such as decarbonization, energy efficiency, environmental rehabilitation of areas impacted by mining activity, and compliance with the SDGs, prioritizing SDGs 9, 12, 13, and 17. 8. CONCLUSIONS Research shows that mining knowledge governance is a determining factor in mining countries' ability to successfully face the challenges of the green transition and the demand for critical minerals. In Peru, although there is a relevant regulatory framework for mining, STI, and higher education, it is insufficient to consolidate autonomous, sustainable, and strategically coordinated mining research centers. The Peruvian regime for promoting scientific research and technological innovation provides a solid regulatory basis; however, its cross-cutting and tax-based nature limits its ability to strategically 52
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