govern mining knowledge in the context of the green transition. Adjusting this regime through specific sectoral developments would strengthen academic autonomy, maximize the public impact of mining research, and align innovation with mining policy, critical minerals, and the Sustainable Development Goals. The comparative experience of Chile and Australia shows that the combination of academic autonomy, stable public funding, and alignment with mining policy maximizes the impact of scientific research in terms of innovation, sustainability, and development. Adopting a similar approach in Peru would not only strengthen the competitiveness of the mining sector but also advance the fulfillment of the Sustainable Development Goals and climate action commitments. REFERENCES AMTC. (s. f.). Advanced Mining Technology Center. Universidad de Chile. https://www.amtc.cl/ Amburle, R., Lacken, A., Francis, E., Trainham, D., Maloney, G., & Bruce, C. (2022). Recent trends of innovation and IP use in the mining sector in Australia. En Global challenges for innovation in mining industries. Cambridge University Press. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/global-challenges-for-innovation-in-mining-industries/ Australian Government – Department of Industry, Science and Resources. (2023). Critical Minerals Strategy 2023–2030. https://www.industry.gov.au/publications/critical-minerals-strategy-2023-2030 Calzada Olvera, B. (2022). Innovation in mining: What are the challenges and opportunities along the value chain for Latin American suppliers? Mineral Economics, 35, 35–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13563-021-00251-w CIMS JRI. (s. f.). Centro de Investigación en Minería Sustentable JRI. https://www.cimsjri.cl/ CSIRO. (s. f.). Australian Critical Minerals Research and Development Hub. https://www.csiro.au/en/research/natural-environment/critical-minerals Congreso de la República del Perú. (2023). Ley N.º 31726, Ley que declara de interés nacional la creación de parques científico-tecnológicos y centros de I+D+i. Congreso de la República del Perú. (2025). Ley N.º 32539, Ley que modifica la Ley 30309. International Energy Agency. (2021). The role of critical minerals in clean energy transitions. https://www.iea.org/reports/the-role-of-critical-minerals-in-clean-energy-transitions International Energy Agency. (2024). Global critical minerals outlook 2024. https://www.iea.org/reports/global-critical-minerals-outlook-2024 53
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