1133 mining‑related logistics and selected stationary applications. However, for ultra‑class haul trucks operating at high altitudes, preliminary evaluations suggest the presence of technical constraints: lower energy density and potential limitations in power delivery may challenge continuous high‑load operation, which is critical for the most fuel‑intensive open‑pit equipment. In this setting, natural gas may be viewed as a limited and transitional option for certain stationary uses or medium‑duty transport segments, while the deep decarbonization of the largest mining fleets is more likely to rely on renewable liquid fuels in the near term and on hydrogen‑based solutions over the medium to long term. 5.5 Renewable hydrogen and hydrogen derivatives for deep decarbonization Renewable hydrogen is relevant where duty cycles and energy density constrain direct electrification, notably for heavy-duty equipment and selected stationary uses. Key mining applications include: • Heavy-duty mobile equipment (fuel cells or H2-capable combustion systems, depending on durability and maintenance ecosystem). • Underground equipment (zero tailpipe emissions can reduce ventilation demand). • Stationary/industrial uses and hydrogen derivatives (site-specific). Hydrogen deployment requires integrated design for production or delivery, storage, dispensing and safety management; Peru’s Green Hydrogen Promotion Act supports development of a regulatory and certification framework [9]. 5.6 External supply vs. on‑site production: logistics architectures for Peruvian mining Two reference logistics architectures are relevant for Peru: • External supply (off-site production): renewable fuels and/or hydrogen produced at hubs and delivered to mine sites (benefits from scale; depends on logistics and storage). • On-site supply: microgrids with renewables + storage and, where relevant, electrolysis for hydrogen (improves autonomy; requires added site infrastructure and capability). Integrated energy companies can support both architectures through power, fuels/hydrogen supply, logistics and energy services [10]. 5.7 Implementation sequencing (practical deployment logic) A robust mining pathway can be structured in phases: • Phase 1 (deployment-ready): efficiency and digital optimization; renewable electricity sourcing where feasible; drop‑in renewable fuels for existing fleets. • Phase 2 (infrastructure build-out): microgrids and on‑site renewables; electrification of selected fleets and auxiliaries; piloting hydrogen refuelling and selected hydrogen applications. • Phase 3 (deep decarbonization): scaled hydrogen and derivatives for heavy‑duty applications; expanded electrification; integration of low‑carbon supply contracts and assurance frameworks. This staged approach reduces transition risk by aligning technology readiness, infrastructure availability and asset turnover with progressively deeper abatement potential, consistent with global net‑zero roadmaps [2] 5.8 Potential contributions from Repsol to the solution portfolio Building on Repsol’s “Soluciones a la descarbonización – Propuestas Repsol” session (September 2023), an integrated offer to the mining sector can be structured across four practical levers: (i) carbon footprint measurement, (ii) efficiency improvements, (iii) low-carbon hybrid energy solutions (renewable electricity and renewable fuels/hydrogen), and (iv) compensation of residual emissions through carbon sink initiatives. This framing is consistent with Repsol’s positioning to accompany clients across the full
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MTM0Mzk2