358 Study design Study approach Quantitative, qualitative, mixed (based on methods) Comparison of evidence forms Scale Lab / bench / pilot / field / plant / conceptual Deployment maturity Geographic context Country/region if case-based Transferability cues Input family (waste stream) Waste stream family Tailings/residues; metallurgical/industrial residues; mine-water/AMD; cross-sector secondary stocks “What enters the circularity pathway” Stream origin in value chain Where it comes from (mineral processing, smelting, mine water, etc.) Position in mining system Key composition/contami nants Major constituents + constraints (metals, sulfates, organics, etc.) Why it is liability/resource Mechanis m family (process) Mechanism family Hydromet/chemical; electrochemical; adsorption/separation; biomediated; hybrid “How recovery is done” Core unit operations Leaching, SX/EW, membranes, sorption, bioreactors, precipitation, etc. Process comparability Operating conditions (high level) pH, temperature, residence time, current density, etc. when reported Practical feasibility signals Outputs and metrics Target outputs Metals, salts/by-products, treated water, regenerated reagents, stabilized residue “What value is recovered” Technical metrics Recovery, selectivity/purity, removal efficiency, concentration factor Technical performance Resource intensity Reagent consumption, energy intensity, water intensity Efficiency constraints Stability/robustness Cycle stability, fouling, sensitivity to variability Plant relevance By-product handling Sludge/brine/residue management Environmental/opera tional risk Operation al & economic indicators Operational indicators Productivity/throughput, downtime risk, integration constraints Plant-level relevance Economic indicators Cost/ton, CAPEX/OPEX, payback, margin/ton, avoided liability cost Decision-readiness
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