359 Deployme nt conditions & “hooks” Adoption constraints/enablers Regulation, infrastructure, market specs, QA/QC, skills Scaling conditions Collaboration & governance University–industry ties, vendor role, standards, permitting Trust and transfer Organizational hooks Mentions of routines/learning/standardizati on/data discipline (explicit or proxy) Bridge to culture/learning discussion Table 2 – Pathway clusters used in synthesis (inputs / mechanisms / outputs) Cluster (pathwa y family) Typical inputs (waste stream family) Dominant mechanisms (mechanism family) Typical recoverable outputs (“value”) Metrics most commonly reported Representative papers from the 18 (DOI) 1. Tailings reproce ssing and valoriza tion Tailings and fine residues from beneficiatio n; legacy tailings; lithium mica residues Physical separation; hydrometallu rgy; hybrid beneficiation –leaching; material reuse routes Metal concentrates; upgraded byproducts; construction/ functional materials; reduced tailings liability Recovery/y ield, grade improveme nt, selectivity; process time/produ ctivity; byproduct handling 10.12075/j.issn.100 4-4051.20250622; 10.20078/j.eep.202 40614 2. Metal recover y from seconda ry resourc es and industri al residues Tailings as secondary raw materials; slags; process residues; batteryrelated secondary stocks; phosphate by-products Hydrometall urgy (leaching + purification); electrochemi cal recovery; adsorption/se paration; bioleaching/b iomining Recovered critical metals; saleable salts/byproducts; reusable reagents; upgraded residue streams Recovery/y ield; selectivity/ purity; reagent/ene rgy intensity; stability; sometimes TEA/LCA 10.1016/j.hydromet .2020.105362; 10.3390/met151010 80; 10.3390/min151212 32; 10.1016/j.seppur.20 25.134058; 10.1002/cmtd.2024 00046; 10.1007/s10311023-01611-4; 10.3390/pr1209179 3; 10.14062/j.issn.045 4-5648.20240790
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