373 slopes and height management Water Management Surface drainage and ditches Prevents porepressure increase Table 1 can be used to contrast key design principles for Arctic versus sub-Arctic settings, emphasizing that Arctic conditions typically involve higher climate dependence, lower inherent material strength and greater sensitivity to moisture and compaction control. Table 2 provides indicative target values for fines content, moisture range, layer thickness and other design parameters that together define the operational window for safe and effective dry stacking in cold climates. 3.3 Stability-control factors and operational practice The stability of dry-stacked tailings in cold climates is governed by several interacting factors (Andersland & Ladanyi, 2004; GTK, 2021), which can be grouped as shown in Table 3. Table 3 – Factors Affecting Dry Stack Stability Factor Description Moisture Content Typical target range: 8 – 12 %. Enables adequate compaction and reduces frost susceptibility. Compaction High compaction maintains strength, reduces settlement, and improves frost resistance. Water Management Essential for managing snowmelt, heavy rainfall, and seasonal runoff. Freeze – Thaw Processes May alter permeability, density, and pore structure, especially in fine-grained materials.
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