4.2. Chumbivilcas About the governance dynamics in Chumbivilcas, these are shaped by a dense set of tensions that combine unresolved territorial decisions, fragmented authority, and competing extractive logics. A critical and differentiating source of conflict stems from the relocation of the Fuerabamba community, originally from Cotabambas, to the Yavi Yavi area within Chumbivilcas, a decision widely described as territorially unviable. This relocation has fueled long-lasting grievances, led new generations of leaders to contest previous agreements, and triggered some of the most prolonged disruptions along the mining corridor (3_LI_EP_EXP_M.docx). These tensions intersect with broader grievances linked to the abrupt replacement of a planned mineroduct by road-based transport infrastructure, constructed under emergency conditions on communal lands without full compliance with expropriation procedures or compensation standards, reinforcing perceptions of dispossession and extractivist prioritization (5_LI_EP_EXP_M.docx). At the same time, Chumbivilcas faces tensions specific to its local political economy, particularly the coexistence between large-scale mining and community-led artisanal and small-scale mining. The rapid expansion of communal and not formal mining in districts such as Colquemarca and Capacmarca has reconfigured local power relations, while the State has struggled to articulate a regulatory response beyond coercive enforcement, leaving both formal mining actors and communities without clear rules of engagement (3_LI_EP_EXP_M.docx; 4_LI_EP_EXP_M.docx). Expectations regarding employment and economic inclusion have further intensified frustrations, as the transition from construction to production drastically reduced low-skilled job opportunities, excluding much of the local workforce from the benefits associated with mining activity (5_LI_EP_EXP_M.docx). Coordination failures in Chumbivilcas are closely linked to the selective withdrawal of the State from its planning and coordinating roles. Interviews describe a governance regime operating under a logic where the State prioritizes revenue collection and security management through prolonged states of emergency, while renouncing territorial planning and allowing competition for resources to unfold without an overarching framework (1_LI_EN_EXP_M.docx). Institutional responses rely heavily on the continuous renegotiation of hundreds of unmet commitments, generating a cycle in which unresolved problems are repeatedly reframed as new demands (4_LI_EP_EXP_M.docx). Weak local bureaucracies, marked by high staff turnover and limited technical capacity, further constrain municipalities’ ability to act as effective counterparts to mining companies, reinforcing a governance arrangement dominated by bilateral negotiations and private agreements (6_LI_EP_EXP_M.docx). In this context, informational asymmetries persist, enabling external investors and processing plant operators to capture segments of the local mining ecosystem, while the absence of a coherent state-led vision prevents the consolidation of sustained coordination across scales and actors. Therefore, governance dynamics observed in Chumbivilcas point to a configuration that remains dominated by transactional and fragmented coalitional arrangements, despite the presence of localized forms of agency. The absence of a coordinating State role, combined with persistent informational asymmetries and competing extractive logics, constrains the emergence of coalitions capable of redefining rules, responsibilities, and long-term development priorities. In this context, governance is sustained through a patchwork of bilateral agreements and reactive responses to conflict, which may provide short-term stability but ultimately reproduce 166
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