Between 2019 and 2021, Quellaveco focused its operations on pioneering road development, ore stockpiling, and the installation of autonomous equipment, while simultaneously training operators to adapt to the recently deployed technology. In April 2021, pre-stripping operations began with a mixed fleet of manned and autonomous trucks, led by women trained by STRACON. Implementation was conducted gradually through the CAT MineStar system, starting with partially remote control and reaching full operation with thirty autonomous trucks by 2022, as shown in Figure 2. Figure 2 – Service Timeline During the 2020 training and transition phase, a structured methodology was implemented to strengthen operational safety in highly digitalized mining environments. This included the precise identification of hazards such as signal loss or proximity to other equipment that could create “bubbles” — the term used to describe the automatic stopping of trucks when a potential risk is detected. An innovative organizational structure was also designed, introducing new roles specialized in autonomy: the Builder, responsible for creating the virtual model of the mine; the Controller, in charge of monitoring and assigning equipment; and the Pit Tech, who supervises operations in the field and serves as the key link between both. Workforce Learning and Inclusion Strategy: The Clean Skin Model STRACON and Anglo American faced the complex challenge of identifying specialized profiles—professionals who are often highly sought after and, in some cases, struggle to adapt to new work models or lack the competencies and values required for the evolving mining industry. To address this challenge, an innovative local talent development project was designed to prepare new professionals for the roles demanded by a digital mine. Between 2020 and 2024, more than 4,000 workers, contractors and visitors were trained in autonomy-related topics, supporting the cultural transformation required for autonomous operations. As part of this strategy, the “Clean Skin” program was implemented, training thirty-two women from Moquegua to operate ultra-class haul trucks, contributing to gender inclusion and strengthening regional employability. The operators recruited between 2019 and 2020 demonstrated high levels of responsibility and teamwork, enabling the successful transition of 186 STRACON employees to Anglo American between 2021 and 2022 and consolidating an effective training model for digital mining. The Clean Skin program was structured as a progressive training model combining technical instruction, simulator-based practice, and supervised field operations. Participants were selected based on adaptive competencies, safety mindset and learning potential, rather than prior mining or driving experience. The training process integrated continuous performance monitoring and structured feedback, allowing operators to progressively transition from conventional truck operations to roles supporting autonomous haulage systems. This approach reduced resistance to technological change and accelerated workforce readiness for digital mining environments. 188
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